Polumodalni glagoli za sposobnost i dozvolu
Ukratko
| sposobnost | dozvola | |
|---|---|---|
| sadašnje | can (am able to = formalno) | am/is/are allowed to / can |
| prošlo | could (opšte) / was/were able to (jedan uspeh) | was/were allowed to |
| present perfect | have/has been able to | have/has been allowed to |
| buduće | will be able to | will be allowed to |
| posle modalnog | might/should/must be able to | might/should be allowed to |
Menja se samo be; posle to ide osnovni oblik. Odrično na prvom pomoćnom glagolu: won't / weren't / haven't been. Nikad will can. Kod dozvole osoba je subjekat: I am allowed, ne it is allowed to me.
B1 · Lekcija 13 · be able to i be allowed to
Detaljno objašnjenje iz lekcije u kojoj se ovo pravilo uči
Već znaš can i could. U srpskom moći ima sve oblike (moći ću, mogao sam, mogao bih), a isto važi i za smeti (smem, smeo sam, smeću). Engleski can to nema: postoje samo can i could. Nema budućeg vremena (will can), nema infinitiva (to can), nema present perfecta sa have, i can ne može da stoji posle drugog modalnog glagola. Tu srpski govornik najčešće greši: doslovno prevodi moći ću kao will can.
Ta prazna mesta popunjavaju dva izraza sa be: be able to za sposobnost (moći, biti u stanju) i be allowed to za dozvolu (smeti, biti dozvoljeno). Menja se samo be. able to i allowed to ostaju isti, a posle njih uvek ide osnovni oblik glagola.
Gde can nema oblik
| Vreme | Sposobnost | Dozvola |
|---|---|---|
| present | I can run ten kilometres. (am able to is possible but sounds formal) | You are allowed to use the pool. / You can use the pool. |
| past | I could / was able to finish the race. | We were allowed to train on the main pitch. |
| present perfect | I've been able to run every day this month. | She's been allowed to join the team. |
| future | You'll be able to lift more next month. | You'll be allowed to play on Saturday. |
| after another modal | You might be able to win. | You should be allowed to rest. |
Obe kolone imaju isti obrazac: ko zna will be able to, zna i will be allowed to. Biraš po značenju, kao između moći i smeti: able = imam snagu ili veštinu; allowed = pravila ili drugi ljudi mi dozvoljavaju.
Srpski ima jedno prošlo vreme, pa rečenica ovog meseca sam mogao da trčim svaki dan ne kaže koje englesko vreme treba. Ako period još traje (this month, this week, since March), to je present perfect: have/has been able to, have/has been allowed to.
Sadašnje vreme: važna razlika
- Za sposobnost u sadašnjosti koristi can: She can swim fast. She is able to swim fast je ispravno, ali u svakodnevnom govoru zvuči formalno i kruto.
- Za dozvolu u sadašnjosti be allowed to je sasvim obično i vrlo često, naročito za pravila, tamo gde bi na srpskom rekao (ne) smeš ili zabranjeno je: You aren't allowed to wear shoes on this mat. Are we allowed to use the showers?
allowed je particip prošli, a be allowed to ima oblik pasiva koji znaš (is cleaned, are made). Pazi na subjekat: srpsko dozvoljeno mi je je bezlično, sa dativom, a u engleskom je osoba subjekat: I am allowed to play (dozvoljeno mi je da igram). Pogrešno: It is allowed to me, Me is allowed. Zato be nosi vreme: am/is/are allowed, was/were allowed, have been allowed, will be allowed.
Prošlost: mogao sam nije uvek could
could je opšta sposobnost u prošlosti: When I was young, I could run fast. Ali za jedan konkretan uspeh u jednoj prilici, ono što bi na srpskom rekao sa uspeo sam da, koristi was/were able to: The ball was wet, but I was able to catch it. U odričnom obliku oba su dobra: I couldn't finish ili we weren't able to finish. Za dozvolu u prošlosti (smeo sam, bilo mi je dozvoljeno) koristi was/were allowed to: We were allowed to leave early.
Odrične rečenice i pitanja
Rade na prvom pomoćnom glagolu, tačno kao u vremenima koja već znaš: won't be able to, weren't able to, wasn't allowed to, haven't been able to. U pitanju prvi pomoćni glagol ide ispred subjekta: Will you be able to come? Were you allowed to play? Have you been able to train? Are we allowed to…?
- I won't be able to play on Sunday. My knee hurts.
- It was too hot, and we weren't able to finish the game.
- Players aren't allowed to touch the ball with their hands.
- Have you been able to train this week?
- Were you allowed to stay after the match?
Ne prevodi moći ću i možda ću moći reč po reč. can nikad ne ide posle will ni posle drugog modalnog glagola, i nema oblik sa have. Pogrešno: will can, might can, have could. Umesto can stavi be able to (sposobnost) ili be allowed to (dozvola), a vreme pokaži na be: will be able to, might be allowed to, have been able to.
Proveri znanje
3 od 17 pitanja koja ova lekcija postavlja u aplikaciji. Upiši oblik ili izaberi odgovor.
After this course, you ___ swim two hundred metres.
___ come to training on Friday?
Zašto kažemo 'will be able to', a ne 'will can'?
Primeri iz kursa
Označena je reč na koju se pravilo odnosi. Pritisni dugme za reprodukciju da čuješ rečenicu.
You might be able to win a medal.
Možda ćeš moći da osvojiš medalju.
I've been able to run every day this month.
Ovog meseca mogu da trčim svaki dan.
Will you be able to run the whole marathon?
Hoćeš li moći da pretrčiš ceo maraton?
The ball was wet, but I was able to catch it.
Lopta je bila mokra, ali sam uspeo da je uhvatim.
I haven't been able to go to the gym since Christmas.
Nisam mogao da odem u teretanu od Božića.
Has your brother been able to climb since he hurt his shoulder?
Da li je tvoj brat mogao da se penje otkako je povredio rame?
It was too hot, and we weren't able to finish the game.
Bilo je prevruće i nismo uspeli da završimo utakmicu.
Since I started stretching every morning, I've been able to touch my toes.
Otkako sam počeo da se istežem svakog jutra, mogu da dodirnem prste na nogama.
We weren't able to book a tennis court, so we went jogging instead.
Nismo uspeli da rezervišemo teniski teren, pa smo umesto toga išli na džogiranje.
With a broken wrist, he won't be able to play for six weeks.
Sa slomljenim zglobom šake neće moći da igra šest nedelja.
Rečenica sa ovim pravilom u kursu: 14
Probaj i ti
Prevedi rečenicu sa ovim pravilom. Kao i u aplikaciji, provera će označiti reč u kojoj je greška i reći koje pravilo je prekršeno.
Rečenice
Napiši na engleskom
Ovog meseca mogu da trčim svaki dan.
sposobnost, present perfect (be able to)