Present perfect: potvrdni oblik
Ukratko
have / has + past participle: iskustvo ili rezultat koji važi sada, bez navođenja kada.
| Lice | Pomoćni | Skraćeno | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have | + particip | I've, you've, we've, they've |
| he / she / it | has | + particip | he's, she's, it's |
| Osnovni | Past | Particip |
|---|---|---|
| pravilni | -ed | isti -ed |
| be | was/were | been |
| see | saw | seen |
| do | did | done |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| go | went | gone |
| take | took | taken |
| fly | flew | flown |
| drive | drove | driven |
| write | wrote | written |
Posle have nikad past simple: I have seen (ne I have saw). Particip se ne menja po rodu ni broju.
Kaže se kada? Onda ide past simple, ne present perfect.
have been to = bio i vratio se (sa to, ne in). has gone to = još je tamo.
A2 · Lekcija 7 · Present perfect: potvrdni oblik
Detaljno objašnjenje iz lekcije u kojoj se ovo pravilo uči
Na srpskom za sva prošla dešavanja koristiš jedno vreme, perfekat: Posetio sam Rim. Engleski tu ima dva vremena, i u tome je ova lekcija.
- I visited Rome in 2019. To je past simple: pričaš o jednom završenom putovanju i kažeš kada je bilo (ili se to podrazumeva).
- I have visited Rome. To je present perfect: ne pričaš priču, nego kažeš da to iskustvo sada imaš. Kada se desilo nije važno i ne kaže se.
Zato ne prevodi srpski perfekat automatski u present perfect. Postavi sebi jedno pitanje: da li se kaže ili podrazumeva kada? Ako da, ide past simple. Ako je važno samo da se desilo (iskustvo ili rezultat koji važi sada), ide present perfect.
Oblik: have ili has + treći oblik
Kao i srpski perfekat, i ovo vreme ima dva dela: pomoćni glagol i glagolski pridev. Razlika je u tome što je pomoćni glagol have/has (imati), a ne biti: video sam je I have seen, nikako I am seen. Između have i has biraš po licu, kao i do sada. Drugi deo je past participle, treći oblik glagola.
| Lice | Pomoćni glagol | Particip | Primer |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | have | travelled | I have travelled by night train. |
| you | have | booked | You have booked the wrong flight. |
| he / she / it | has | landed | Her plane has landed. |
| we | have | climbed | We have climbed that mountain. |
| they | have | stayed | They have stayed in a tent. |
Srpski glagolski pridev menja se po rodu i broju (video, videla, videli), a engleski particip se ne menja nikad: she has seen, they have seen. Nastavak -s za treće lice ide samo na has: She has visited, a ne she has visits ni she have visited.
Odakle dolazi treći oblik
Kod pravilnih glagola treći oblik je isti -ed oblik koji već znaš iz past simple: travel — travelled — travelled.
| Osnovni oblik | Past simple | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| visit | visited | visited |
| travel | travelled | travelled |
| stay | stayed | stayed |
| pack | packed | packed |
| book | booked | booked |
| climb | climbed | climbed |
| arrive | arrived | arrived |
Mnogi nepravilni glagoli imaju treći oblik koji se razlikuje od past simple, a posle have ili has ide upravo taj oblik. Uči ih u trojkama.
| Osnovni oblik | Past simple | Past participle |
|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been |
| see | saw | seen |
| do | did | done |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| go | went | gone |
| take | took | taken |
| fly | flew | flown |
| drive | drove | driven |
| write | wrote | written |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| swim | swam | swum |
I have saw the sea je tipična greška. saw je past simple i nikad ne stoji posle have. Posle have ili has uvek ide treći oblik: I have seen the sea.
Neki nepravilni glagoli imaju isti oblik u drugoj i trećoj koloni: lose — lost — lost, sleep — slept — slept, buy — bought — bought, meet — met — met. Ispred njih i dalje mora da stoji have ili has.
Skraćeni oblik
U govoru se have i has skraćuju i pripajaju zamenici, slično kao nenaglašeno sam ili je u srpskom. Tako se i piše kad pišeš kao što govoriš.
| Pun oblik | Skraćeni oblik | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| I have | I've | I've been to Greece. |
| you have | you've | You've packed too much. |
| he has | he's | He's flown over the desert. |
| she has | she's | She's lost her passport. |
| it has | it's | It's arrived. |
| we have | we've | We've driven all the way. |
| they have | they've | They've taken the ferry. |
he's i she's mogu da znače he is ili he has. Odlučuje reč iza njih: ako je particip, to je has (She's gone home), a ako je pridev ili imenica, to je is (She's tired).
been i gone
Kod mesta engleski razlikuje dve stvari koje srpski kaže istim bio je / otišao je. I have been to Egypt: bio si tamo i vratio si se. She has gone to Egypt: otišla je i sada je tamo.
Srpski kaže bio sam u Egiptu, ali engleski kaže have been to, sa to. Ne prevodi u kao in: have been in znači nešto drugo.
Proveri znanje
6 od 15 pitanja koja ova lekcija postavlja u aplikaciji. Upiši oblik ili izaberi odgovor.
My sister ___ travelled all over Asia.
We ___ booked two seats on the night bus.
They have(visit) six islands on this trip.
Our plane has(land) in the wrong city.
He has(pack) his backpack.
I have ___ to Morocco twice.
Primeri iz kursa
Označena je reč na koju se pravilo odnosi. Pritisni dugme za reprodukciju da čuješ rečenicu.
I've been to Greece.
Bio sam u Grčkoj.
Her plane has landed.
Njen avion je sleteo.
She's lost her passport.
Izgubila je svoj pasoš.
They've taken the ferry.
Uzeli su trajekt.
She has gone to Egypt.
Otišla je u Egipat.
I have seen the sea.
Video sam more.
You have booked the wrong flight.
Rezervisao si pogrešan let.
I have travelled by night train.
Putovao sam noćnim vozom.
I have swum in the sea at midnight.
Plivao sam u moru u ponoć.
My parents have visited more than thirty countries.
Moji roditelji su posetili više od trideset zemalja.
Rečenica sa ovim pravilom u kursu: 98
Probaj i ti
Prevedi rečenicu sa ovim pravilom. Kao i u aplikaciji, provera će označiti reč u kojoj je greška i reći koje pravilo je prekršeno.
Rečenice
Napiši na engleskom
Bio sam u Grčkoj.
present perfect: have been to