Past perfect (had + particip)
Ukratko
| Obrazac | Primer | |
|---|---|---|
| + | had ('d) + particip | She had booked a room. |
| − | hadn't + particip | We hadn't packed. |
| ? | Had + subjekat + particip? | Had you flown before? |
| wh | upitna reč + had + subjekat + particip? | Where had they gone? |
| redosled | past perfect = ranije, past simple = kasnije | The bus had left before we got there. |
| prilozi | had + already / never / ever + particip | I had never seen the sea. |
had je isti za sva lica. Nema did, nema dvostruke negacije (had never, ne hadn't never).
B1 · Lekcija 3 · Past perfect: šta se desilo još ranije
Detaljno objašnjenje iz lekcije u kojoj se ovo pravilo uči
Kad pričate o putovanju, koristite past simple: We arrived at the station. The train left. Ponekad treba otići korak dalje u prošlost, da se vidi da se jedan prošli događaj desio pre drugog. To je past perfect: had + particip (treći oblik glagola, isti kao u present perfectu: booked, missed, gone, seen, flown, taken). I have lost my passport (sada) postaje I had lost my passport (u nekom trenutku u prošlosti).
I srpski ima ovo vreme, pluskvamperfekat (bio sam stigao), ali on zvuči knjiški i u govoru ga gotovo ne koristimo. Kažemo samo Kad smo stigli, voz je već otišao, a red događaja nam pokazuju već i kontekst. U engleskom past perfect nije knjiški i nije opcija. Kad je jedan događaj raniji od drugog prošlog događaja, a to se ne vidi iz drugih reči, mora stajati had + particip.
Oblik
Za razliku od našeg bio sam / bila si / bili smo, had je isti za sva lica: I, you, he, she, we, they. U govoru se skraćuje u 'd: I'd, she'd, they'd. Odrični oblik je hadn't.
| Vrsta rečenice | Obrazac | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| potvrdna | subjekat + had + particip | She had booked a room. |
| odrična | subjekat + hadn't (had not) + particip | We hadn't packed our bags. |
| da/ne pitanje | Had + subjekat + particip ...? | Had you flown before? |
| pitanje sa upitnom reči | upitna reč + had + subjekat + particip ...? | Where had they gone? |
| uz before / after / when / by the time | past perfect za raniji događaj, past simple za kasniji | The bus had left before we got there. |
| uz already / never | had + already / never + particip | I had never seen the sea. |
Uvek treba sidro u prošlosti
Past perfect ima smisla samo pored nekog drugog trenutka u prošlosti. To može biti glagol u past simpleu ili izraz kao by then. Taj trenutak je sidro, a past perfect kazuje šta je u tom trenutku već bilo završeno. Zato tipična rečenica ima dva glagola: When I got to the airport, I realised that I had left my ticket at home.
before, after, when, by the time
- before / after (pre nego što / pošto) već same kazuju redosled, pa past perfect tu samo dodatno naglašava: After we had checked in, we went for a walk.
- when (kad) ne kazuje redosled, i tu odlučuje glagolsko vreme. When I arrived, she left znači da je otišla tek kad sam stigao. When I arrived, she had left znači da je otišla pre toga i da je više nije bilo. U srpskom bi obe rečenice mogle da glase Kad sam stigao, otišla je, a u engleskom se ne smeju pomešati.
- by the time znači do trenutka kad (u govoru često samo dok: dok smo stigli, ...): By the time the ferry came, we had waited for two hours.
already, never, ever
Kao i u present perfectu, already, never i u pitanju ever stoje između had i participa. Ovde nema slobodnog reda reči kao kod našeg već: The plane had already landed. He had never travelled abroad before that trip. Had you ever been to Rome before?
Pazite na tri greške: 1. Ne oslanjajte se na već kao u srpskom. Za Kad smo stigli, avion je već poleteo nije dovoljno staviti already uz past simple. Raniji događaj ide u had + particip. 2. U engleskom nema dvostruke negacije. Naše nikad nisam video je had never + particip, a ne hadn't never. 3. Pitanje i odrični oblik prave se samim had, nikad sa did. Kaže se Had you seen it? i I hadn't seen it, a ne Did you had seen it? i I didn't had seen it.
Ne stavljajte svaki prošli događaj u past perfect. Ako događaje nabrajate redom kojim su se desili, dovoljan je past simple: We landed, took a taxi and went to the hotel. had + particip koristite samo za događaj koji treba pomeriti IZA nekog drugog prošlog trenutka.
Proveri znanje
5 od 14 pitanja koja ova lekcija postavlja u aplikaciji. Upiši oblik ili izaberi odgovor.
When we got to the station, the train ___, so we waited for the next one.
By the time we reached the hotel, my sister(have) booked a taxi for the morning.
At the airport I realised that I ___ my passport, so I went back home.
We ___ a map, so we got lost in the old town.
(have) you ever travelled by ship before that holiday?
Primeri iz kursa
Označena je reč na koju se pravilo odnosi. Pritisni dugme za reprodukciju da čuješ rečenicu.
Where had they gone when you called them?
Kuda su otišli kad si ih pozvao?
Had you ever travelled overnight before that trip?
Da li si ikad pre tog putovanja putovao preko noći?
We hadn't packed our bags when the taxi arrived.
Nismo spakovali kofere kad je taksi stigao.
Had you bought travel insurance before the expedition started?
Da li si kupio putno osiguranje pre nego što je ekspedicija počela?
We were soaked because we hadn't packed our raincoats.
Bili smo mokri do kože jer nismo spakovali kabanice.
When we arrived at the platform, the train had left.
Kad smo stigli na peron, voz je otišao.
My grandmother had never travelled abroad before she visited us.
Moja baka nikad nije putovala u inostranstvo pre nego što nas je posetila.
Before we set off, we had checked the itinerary twice.
Pre nego što smo krenuli na put, dvaput smo proverili plan puta.
I had never seen such breathtaking scenery before that summer.
Pre tog leta nikad nisam video tako zadivljujući pejzaž.
The bus had left before we got to the stop.
Autobus je otišao pre nego što smo stigli do stajališta.
Rečenica sa ovim pravilom u kursu: 61
Probaj i ti
Prevedi rečenicu sa ovim pravilom. Kao i u aplikaciji, provera će označiti reč u kojoj je greška i reći koje pravilo je prekršeno.
Rečenice
Napiši na engleskom
Da li si ikad pre tog putovanja putovao preko noći?
Ranija radnja ide u past perfect.