Futur perfekat (future perfect)
Ukratko
| Future perfect | |
|---|---|
| + | I/you/she/we/they will ('ll) have + past participle |
| − | won't have + past participle (won't have approved) |
| ? | Will you have + past participle ...? |
| rok | by Friday / by the time + present simple |
| trajanje | for two years (do roka): will have been ... for |
will have je isto za sva lica. Srpsko do u značenju roka je by, a ne until. Posle by the time ide present simple, a ne futur II.
B1 · Lekcija 7 · Futur perfekat (future perfect)
Detaljno objašnjenje iz lekcije u kojoj se ovo pravilo uči
Zamisli da stojiš u nekom trenutku u budućnosti, recimo u petak u pet ili na dan lansiranja, i gledaš unazad: neki poslovi će do tada već biti gotovi. Srpski to kaže futurom svršenog glagola i predlogom do: Do petka ću završiti dizajn. Engleski za to ima poseban oblik, will have + past participle (treći oblik glagola). Zove se future perfect.
To je past perfect premešten u budućnost. By the time the client called, we had finished the report. (Kad je klijent pozvao, već smo bili završili izveštaj.) → By the time the client calls, we will have finished the report. (Kad klijent pozove, izveštaj će već biti gotov.)
Kako se gradi
| Oblik | Šema | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | subject + will have + past participle | By Friday, I will have finished the design. |
| Short form | subject + 'll have + past participle | She**'ll have sent** the invoice by noon. |
| Negative | subject + won't have + past participle | We won't have tested the app by Monday. |
| Question | Will + subject + have + past participle? | Will you have finished the slides by five? |
| Wh-question | wh-word + will + subject + have + participle? | How many pages will you have written by tonight? |
U srpskom se pomoćni glagol menja po licu (ću, ćeš, će), a u engleskom ne: I will have, he will have, they will have. Nikad will has. Glavni glagol je past participle, isti oblik kao u present perfectu: finished, sent, written, done, approved, been. U pitanju ispred subjekta ide samo will, a have ostaje iza njega.
Rok: by i by the time
Future perfect skoro uvek traži rok, odnosno trenutak iz kog gledaš unazad. Bez njega rečenica zvuči čudno. Rok se zadaje na dva načina:
- by + vreme (najkasnije do): by Friday, by the end of the month, by nine o'clock, by then.
- by the time + rečenica u present simple (do trenutka kad): by the time the meeting starts, by the time you arrive.
Ne prevodi srpski futur II u engleski. Kad budeš stigao nije will have arrived. Posle by the time (kao i posle when, before, as soon as) ide present simple: by the time you arrive, nikad by the time you will arrive. Future perfect ide samo u glavnu rečenicu.
Srpsko do ima dva engleska prevoda, pa prvo odluči šta misliš. Ako misliš na rok (najkasnije do), koristi by: I'll have finished by Monday. Ako misliš na trajanje (sve vreme do), koristi until: I'll wait until Monday. Uz future perfect uvek ide by, nikad until.
Koliko dugo: for + period
Sa for future perfect sabira vreme: koliko će nešto već trajati kad dođe rok. Srpski to kaže drugačije (U junu će biti dve godine kako radim na ovom projektu), a engleski koristi future perfect: By June, I will have worked on this project for two years. Ne kreći od it will be two years. Sa be particip glasi been: By May, she'll have been our manager for a year.
Future continuous ili future perfect?
Ovo odgovara razlici između nesvršenog i svršenog glagola u srpskom futuru:
- At nine I'll be writing the report. (U devet ću pisati izveštaj.) Radnja još traje u devet: future continuous.
- By nine I'll have written the report. (Do devet ću napisati izveštaj.) Radnja je gotova pre devet: future perfect.
Proveri znanje
6 od 13 pitanja koja ova lekcija postavlja u aplikaciji. Upiši oblik ili izaberi odgovor.
By Friday, we ___ the report.
By the end of the month, they'll have(write) all the documents.
Šta znači ova rečenica? "By nine I'll have written the report."
We ___ the app by Monday. There isn't enough time.
How many tasks will you have(do) by tonight?
By December, she will have(be) a manager for five years.
Primeri iz kursa
Označena je reč na koju se pravilo odnosi. Pritisni dugme za reprodukciju da čuješ rečenicu.
She'll have sent the invoice by noon.
Ona će do podne poslati fakturu.
When will you have submitted the proposal?
Kada ćeš predati predlog?
We won't have tested the app by Monday.
Do ponedeljka nećemo istestirati aplikaciju.
By Friday, I will have finished the design.
Do petka ću završiti dizajn.
Will you have finished the slides by five?
Hoćeš li završiti slajdove do pet?
Will the accountant have calculated the costs by Tuesday?
Hoće li računovođa izračunati troškove do utorka?
How many pages will you have written by tonight?
Koliko ćeš stranica napisati do večeras?
Will the engineers have fixed the problem by tomorrow morning?
Hoće li inženjeri rešiti problem do sutra ujutru?
I hope we'll have hired two new developers by September.
Nadam se da ćemo do septembra zaposliti dva nova programera.
By December, she will have managed this department for five years.
Do decembra će ona voditi ovo odeljenje pet godina.
Rečenica sa ovim pravilom u kursu: 25
Probaj i ti
Prevedi rečenicu sa ovim pravilom. Kao i u aplikaciji, provera će označiti reč u kojoj je greška i reći koje pravilo je prekršeno.
Rečenice
Napiši na engleskom
Ona će do podne poslati fakturu.
future perfect (will have + particip); do = by; skraćeni oblik